Ferdinand VII of Spain
Ferdinand VII was King of Spain who was forced to abdicate by Napoleon in 1808, spending six years imprisoned in France while his subjects waged the brutal Peninsular War in his name. Restored to the throne in 1813, he immediately abolished the liberal Constitution of 1812 and reverted to absolute rule, alienating reformists and beginning decades of civil strife. His reign saw the permanent loss of most Spanish American colonies as liberation movements, inspired partly by the Napoleonic disruption, succeeded across the continent.
- Lived: 1784 CE – 1833 CE
- Nationality: spanish
- Roles: king
