Nietzsche announced the death of God and the need to create new values beyond good and evil in a series of dazzling, aphoristic works. Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Beyond Good and Evil, and On the Genealogy of Morality challenged the foundations of Western morality, religion, and philosophy. Misappropriated by his sister and later by the Nazis, his actual ideas were radically individualist and anti-nationalist. He collapsed into madness in 1889 and never recovered.

• Nationality: DE
• Roles: philosopher