Marcus Tullius Cicero

Marcus Tullius Cicero was the most celebrated orator in Roman history and one of the most prolific Latin writers of any era. Born into an equestrian family from Arpinum, he rose through the cursus honorum to become consul in 63 BCE, during which he suppressed the Catilinarian conspiracy and executed conspirators without trial — an action that later led to his exile. He opposed the First Triumvirate and later struggled to navigate between Caesar and Pompey. After Caesar's assassination he launched a series of speeches (the Philippics) attacking Mark Antony. When the Second Triumvirate was formed, Antony demanded his inclusion in the proscription lists and Cicero was caught and killed in 43 BCE.

• Nationality: roman
• Roles: ruler, intellectual