Philip I of France
Philip I presided over a long reign marked by conflict with the papacy over simony and his controversial second marriage, for which he was excommunicated twice. He skillfully expanded Capetian territories by exploiting rivalries among Norman, Angevin, and Flemish lords. His reign saw the launch of the First Crusade, which he notably did not join.
- Lived: 1052 CE – 1108 CE
- Nationality: french
- Roles: king, head_of_state
