Giacomo della Chiesa, pope 1914–1922. Elected at the outbreak of World War I, he devoted his pontificate to peace efforts, humanitarian relief, and diplomatic mediation — rejected by both sides. His 1917 peace note was ignored. He reorganized Catholic missions, wrote the encyclical Maximum Illud (1919) on evangelisation, and laid groundwork for the Lateran Treaties.
- Lived: 1854 CE – 1922 CE
- Nationality: Italian
- Roles: Pope, Cleric
