Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, pope 1939–1958. One of the most controversial figures in modern Catholic history. His response to the Holocaust — maintaining public silence while conducting private diplomacy — has been debated ever since. He defined the Assumption of Mary (1950) as dogma and reorganized worldwide Catholic missions. Supporters credit him with saving hundreds of thousands of Jews through behind-the-scenes Vatican action.
- Lived: 1876 CE – 1958 CE
- Nationality: Italian
- Roles: Pope, Cleric
