Duchy of Modena

The Duchy of Modena and Reggio was restored at the Congress of Vienna under Francis IV of the House of Austria-Este. Among the most reactionary Italian states, its rulers consistently relied on Austrian military intervention to suppress liberal revolts (1821, 1831). Francis IV and his son Francis V were closely aligned with Metternich's conservative order. Following Austria's defeat in 1859, Francis V fled and Modena voted to join Piedmont, becoming part of united Italy in 1861.

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