Grand Duchy of Tuscany

The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was restored to the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty at the Congress of Vienna and remained one of the best-governed states on the Italian peninsula. Under the relatively enlightened rule of Leopold II, it was the last Italian state to fall to the Risorgimento: following the revolutions of 1848–49 and Austrian intervention, Tuscany was re-absorbed. In 1859, after Austria's defeat by France and Piedmont, Leopold II fled and Tuscany voted by plebiscite to join the Kingdom of Sardinia, becoming part of united Italy in 1861.

• Existed: 1815 CE – 1859 CE
• Type: Entity
• Government: Absolute Monarchy (Habsburg-Lorraine)
• Capital: Florence