Iran

Iran, the Islamic Republic established after the 1979 revolution, is the successor state to Persia, one of the world's oldest civilisations. It replaced the Pahlavi monarchy under Ayatollah Khomeini, establishing a unique system of velayat-e faqih (rule of the Islamic jurist). The Iran-Iraq War (1980-88), isolation from the West, and nuclear programme define its modern history. Iran is home to 90 million people and significant oil reserves, and remains a major regional power.

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