Libya

Libya, colonised by Italy (1911-43), became an independent kingdom in 1951. Muammar Gaddafi's 1969 coup established a revolutionary regime that nationalised oil. The 2011 NATO-backed uprising overthrew Gaddafi, but the country fractured into rival governments and became a hub for Mediterranean migration. Oil wealth remains contested among armed factions.

• Existed: 1951 CE – present
• Type: Entity
• Government: Republic / Jamahiriya
• Capital: Tripoli