Middle Francia

The short-lived middle portion of the Carolingian Empire created by the Treaty of Verdun in 843, running from the North Sea through Lotharingia and Burgundy to northern Italy. Ruled by Emperor Lothair I, it lacked the geographic coherence of West and East Francia and was itself partitioned among his three sons at his death in 855, its northern third (Lotharingia) becoming a perennial contested borderland between France and Germany.

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