Peru

Peru, heartland of the Inca Empire and centre of Spain's South American viceroyalty, achieved independence in 1821. Rich in silver and guano, it fought the War of the Pacific (1879-84) against Chile. Fujimori's authoritarian neoliberalism (1990-2000) and Shining Path guerrilla violence shaped 20th-century politics. Machu Picchu and other archaeological heritage make Peru one of the world's most culturally significant nations.

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