Portugal

Portugal was a minor but strategically relevant belligerent in the Seven Years' War as Britain's oldest ally. Under the Treaty of Methuen (1703) and the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance — the oldest diplomatic alliance in the world still in force — Portugal aligned with Britain against the Bourbon powers. Spain invaded Portugal in 1762 in the so-called 'Fantastic War', forcing Britain to divert forces to its defence. Portugal's colonial empire in Brazil and its Atlantic trade routes made it a pawn in the broader Anglo-French-Spanish struggle for maritime supremacy. The Treaty of Paris (1763) restored the pre-war Luso-Spanish borders.

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