South Africa
South Africa, unified as a dominion in 1910, implemented apartheid (1948-1994) - racial segregation and white minority rule that provoked international sanctions and internal resistance led by the ANC. Nelson Mandela's 1994 election as the first Black president marked a peaceful democratic transition. Post-apartheid South Africa faces persistent inequality and high unemployment.
- Existed: 1961 CE – present
- Type: Entity
- Government: Constitutional Republic
- Capital: Pretoria