Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan declared independence from the Soviet Union on October 27, 1991, and joined the CIS. Under Saparmurat Niyazov (Turkmenbashi), Turkmenistan became one of the most isolated and personality-cult-dominated of the post-Soviet states, declaring 'permanent neutrality' and leveraging its natural gas reserves for autonomy from both Russia and the West.
- Existed: 1991 CE – present
- Type: Entity
- Government: Presidential republic (authoritarian)
- Capital: Ashgabat