Ludovico Sforza
Known as 'il Moro' (the Moor) for his dark complexion, Ludovico Sforza made Milan the most brilliant court in Europe. He commissioned Leonardo da Vinci — who remained in Milan for nearly two decades — to paint the Last Supper and plan hydraulic works, sculptures, and theatrical entertainments. Ludovico fatally invited Charles VIII of France into Italy in 1494 to counter Naples, triggering the Italian Wars that would destroy the independence of every Italian state. Expelled from Milan in 1499 by Louis XII, he died a prisoner in a French dungeon.
- Nationality: Italian
- Roles: duke, patron of arts
