Da Gama's Second Voyage to India
The second voyage was punitive. Da Gama bombarded Calicut, attacked Arab shipping — including the massacre of the pilgrim ship Miri — and forced treaties on Cochin and Cannanore. It established the pattern of Portuguese power in the Indian Ocean: not a trading presence seeking permission, but an armed one taxing a sea route it could not otherwise have entered.
- Year: 1502 CE
